Other forms of Criminal Force and Assault (Ss 355-358) IPC

Section 355 - Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation - Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, intending thereby to dishonour that person, otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by that person, shall be punished...

Ingredients

1. The offender must assault or use criminal force on the victim.
2. Such assault or criminal force must be used with the intent to dishonour the victim.
3. Such assault or criminal force must be used otherwise than on grave and sudden provocation given by the victim.

4. If the above ingredients are fulfilled, then it will be assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation.

Assault or Criminal Force to Woman, Sexual Harassment, Voyeurism and Stalking (Ss 354, 354A-D) IPC

Section 354 - Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty - Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished....

Ingredients

1. The offender must assault or use criminal force to any woman.

2. Such assault or criminal force must be used with the intention or knowledge of outraging the modesty of the woman

3. When the above ingredients are satisfied, there will be assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.

Of Criminal Force and Assault (Ss 349-353) IPC

Section 349 – Force – A person is said to use force to another if he causes motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion to that other, or if he causes to any substance such motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion as brings that substance into contact with any part of that other’s body, or with anything which that other is wearing or carrying, or with anything so situated that such contact affects that other’s sense of feeling…

Of Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement (Ss 339-348) IPC

Section 339 - Wrongful Restraint - Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person.

Ingredients of the Section

1. A person must voluntarily obstruct another person.

2. Such obstruction must be with a view to prevent the other person from proceeding in any direction.

3. The other person must have a right to proceed in the direction which is obstructed.

4. If the above three conditions are fulfilled, there will be wrongful restraint.

How Indian Textiles dominated European Markets till 18th Century

While going through the NCERT books on History, I came across an interesting discussion on how Indian textiles dominated European markets till the 18th century. The decline of Indian textile industry was deliberately brought about the British by imposing high import duties on the cloth in Britain while importing vast quantity of British cloth to India. It is a shocking tale of colonial greed, white man's insecurity and aversion to fair competition and complete decimation of a local industry which provided employment to millions.

When the British first arrived on the scene in Surat in the 17th Century, they had to place orders two years in advance because this was the time required for the orders to reach Europe from India through ships. Once these cloths arrived there, they were auctioned and sold at very high rates. The popularity and the quality of the Indian textiles can be gauged from the fact that rich people of England, including the Queen herself wore clothes of Indian fabric.